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Grammar
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608 points
判断・断定
N5
AはBです
A is B
N5
〜ではありません / 〜じゃないです
is not ...
疑问表现
N5
〜か
question marker
助词・名词修饰
N5
AのB
B of A; A's B
指示词（こそあど）
N5
これ・それ・あれ / この・その・あの
this / that / that over there (pronouns and adnominals)
助词・格助词
N5
〜を＋他动词
direct object marker
N5
〜で（场所・手段）
at/in (place of action); by/with (means)
N5
〜に（时间・方向・存在点）
at (time); to (direction); in/at (location of existence)
N5
〜へ
toward; to (direction)
助词・并列
N5
AとB / 〜と（一緒に）
A and B; together with
助词・提示
N5
〜も
too; also; either
助词・主格
N5
〜が
subject marker
存在表现
N5
〜があります / 〜がいます
there is / there are (います for animate)
形容词
N5
い形容词（安い・安くないです・安かったです）
i-adjectives and their conjugations
N5
な形容词（静かです・静かな＋名词）
na-adjectives and their conjugations
动词・时态
N5
動詞ます形（ます・ません・ました・ませんでした）
polite verb forms: present, past, negative
依赖・请求
N5
〜てください
please do ...
动词・体（アスペクト）
N5
〜ています
is doing; is in a state of
愿望表现
N5
〜たいです
want to do ...
劝诱・提议
N5
〜ませんか / 〜ましょう
won't you ...? / let's ...
判断・断定
N5
名词・な形容词的过去形（〜でした / 〜じゃなかったです）
was / was not (nouns and na-adjectives)
N5
〜でしょう
probably; (rising) right?
指示词（こそあど）
N5
ここ・そこ・あそこ / こちら・そちら・あちら
here / there / over there; this way (polite)
N5
どんな＋名词
what kind of ...
存在表现
N5
〜の上・下・中・前・後ろ・隣（位置词）
on / under / inside / in front of / behind / next to
助词・格助词
N5
〜から〜まで
from ... to/until ...
N5
〜に〜回（頻度）
... times per ...
N5
〜に会います・乗ります・電話をかけます
meet / ride / phone (に marks the target)
N5
〜で（合計・範囲・原因）
for (a total); as a group; because of
N5
〜を出ます・歩きます（起点・経路のを）
leave (a place); move through/along (a space)
助词・并列
N5
〜や〜（など）
... and ... (among others)
助词・とりたて
N5
〜だけ
only; just
N5
〜しか〜ない
nothing but; only (with a sense of insufficiency)
N5
〜ずつ
... each; ... at a time
N5
〜は〜が、〜は〜（対比のは）
contrastive は: X does, but Y doesn't
数量・时间表现
N5
助数词（〜つ・〜人・〜枚・〜本・〜冊）
counters: general, people, flat things, long things, books
N5
〜ぐらい／くらい
about; approximately (amount, duration)
N5
〜ごろ
around (a point in time)
N5
〜番目 / 〜つ目
the ...th (ordinal)
副词・呼应
N5
あまり〜ない
not very; not much
N5
ぜんぜん〜ない
not at all
N5
よく・ときどき・たまに（頻度副詞）
often / sometimes / occasionally
N5
もう〜ました / まだ〜ていません
already did / not yet
疑问表现
N5
何・誰・どこ・いつ・いくら（疑問詞）
what / who / where / when / how much
N5
何か・誰か・どこか（疑问词＋か）
something / someone / somewhere
N5
何も・誰も・どこも＋否定
nothing / nobody / nowhere (with negative)
N5
どうして／なぜ 〜か。—〜からです
why? — because ...
N5
〜はどうですか／どうでしたか
how is/was ...?; how about ...?
助词・名词修饰
N5
〜の（准体助词：かさは私の）
の replacing a noun: mine, the red one
N5
〜という＋名词
a ... called ...
接続表现
N5
〜が（逆接）
but; and (as a soft connector)
N5
〜から（原因・理由）
because; so
N5
〜ので
because; since (objective, softer)
接続詞
N5
そして・それから
and then; and also
N5
でも・しかし
but; however
N5
だから・ですから
so; therefore
比较表现
N5
AはBより〜
A is more ... than B
N5
AとBとどちらが〜ですか
which is more ..., A or B?
N5
〜のほうが〜
... is more ... (of the two)
N5
〜（の中）でいちばん〜
the most ... (in/among ...)
动词・变形
N5
動詞ない形（行かない・食べない・しない）
the plain negative (nai) form
依赖・请求
N5
〜をください
please give me ...
N5
〜ないでください
please don't ...
愿望表现
N5
〜がほしいです
want (a thing)
劝诱・提议
N5
〜ましょうか（申し出）
shall I ...? (offering help)
移动・目的
N5
〜に行きます／来ます（移動の目的）
go/come (in order) to do ...
接续・て形
N5
〜て、〜（動作の順序）
do A, (then) do B (te-form linking)
N5
〜くて／〜で（形容词・名词的连接）
linking adjectives/nouns: ... and ...
变化表现
N5
〜くなります／〜になります
become ...
N5
〜にします（選択・決定）
decide on ...; I'll have ...
好み・能力
N5
〜が好きです／嫌いです
like / dislike
N5
〜が上手です／下手です
good at / poor at
N5
〜がわかります／できます
understand ... / can do ...
时・场面
N5
〜とき
when ...
程度・样态
N5
〜すぎます
too ...; overdo
N5
〜方（読み方・作り方）
the way of doing; how to ...
意志・预定
N5
〜つもりです
intend to ...
授受表现
N5
あげます・もらいます・くれます
give / receive / give to me
说明・语气
N5
〜んです
explanatory ... (giving or seeking background)
N5
終助詞〜ね／〜よ
sentence-final ね (shared feeling) / よ (new information)
动词变形
N4
動詞辞書形（动词辞书形）
dictionary (plain) form of verbs; the base for all later conjugations
能力・可能
N4
〜ことができる／可能形（〜られる）
can do; be able to do
经验・时态
N4
〜たことがある
have (ever) done; have the experience of doing
列举・并列
N4
〜たり〜たりする
do things like A and B; sometimes A, sometimes B
同时・顺序
N4
〜ながら
while doing; at the same time as
N4
〜てから／〜前に／〜後で
after doing; before doing; after (the fact)
补助动词（〜て＋V）
N4
〜ておく
do something in advance; leave something as it is
N4
〜てしまう
finish completely; unfortunately end up doing
N4
〜てみる
try doing something (to see what happens)
义务・许可
N4
〜なければならない／〜なくてもいい
must do; have to do / don't have to do
N4
〜てもいい／〜てはいけない
may do; it's OK to do / must not do
意志・计划
N4
意向形〜（よ）う／〜（よ）うと思う
let's do; I think I'll do; I intend to do
条件表现
N4
条件「〜たら」
if; when (once A happens, then B)
N4
条件「〜ば」
if (as a general or logical condition)
N4
条件「〜と」
whenever A, B; if A then (inevitably) B
授受表现
N4
〜てあげる／〜てくれる／〜てもらう
do something for someone / someone does something for me / have someone do something for me
态（受身・使役）
N4
受身形（〜れる／〜られる）
passive form: be done to; be affected by
N4
使役形（〜せる／〜させる）
causative form: make or let someone do something
动词变形
N4
動詞た形（買った・飲んだ・書いた）
the plain past (た) form of verbs; the base for patterns like 〜たことがある and 〜たら
指示词（こそあど）
N4
こんな・そんな・あんな＋名詞
this kind of; that kind of (demonstratives describing quality or appearance)
副词・呼应
N4
そんなに〜ない
not that ...; not as ... as you think
N4
なかなか〜ない
not easily; (something desired) just won't happen
N4
きっと・たぶん・もしかしたら（推量の副詞）
surely / probably / possibly: adverbs of certainty that pair with sentence-final conjecture
助词・并列
N4
AかB（選択の「か」）
A or B (a choice between alternatives)
N4
数量詞＋で（一人で・みんなで）
as a group of ...; by oneself (the number of people doing something together)
时间・期限
N4
〜まで／〜までに
until (continuously) / by (a deadline)
N4
〜るとき／〜たとき（従属節の時制）
when about to do / when having done: tense inside the とき clause
N4
〜間（あいだ）
during; all the while that (an action continues for the whole period)
疑问词・不定
N4
疑問詞＋〜か（間接疑問）
embedded questions: (I don't know / please tell me) when/where/what ...
N4
疑問詞＋でも（何でも・誰でも・いつでも）
anything / anyone / anytime: total affirmation with question word + でも
N4
疑問詞＋〜ても（いくら〜ても）
no matter how much / how many times / who ..., still ...
接续・て形
N4
〜て（原因・理由）
the て-form linking a cause to its result
N4
〜なくて（原因・理由）
because ... not ...: the negative て-form expressing cause
N4
〜ないで（付帯状況・代わりに）
do B without doing A; do B instead of A
接続助詞
N4
〜し（並列・理由）
and what's more; listing several reasons or qualities
N4
〜けれども／〜けど
but; although (also used to soften an opening remark)
N4
〜ても／〜でも（逆接条件）
even if; even though (the result holds regardless)
条件表现
N4
〜たら（発見・意外な結果）
when I did A, I (unexpectedly) found B
N4
もし〜たら
if (by any chance); もし signals that a hypothesis follows
接続詞
N4
それで／すると（接続詞）
and so; therefore / and then (something happened right after)
N4
それに／ところで（接続詞）
what's more; besides / by the way (changing the subject)
变化表现
N4
〜くする／〜にする（他動的な変化）
make something ... (change its state deliberately)
N4
〜なくなる
no longer do; become unable to; stop being ...
自动词・他动词
N4
自動詞と他動詞の対（開く・開ける／始まる・始める）
paired intransitive (happens by itself) and transitive (someone does it) verbs
N4
自動詞＋ている（結果の状態）
intransitive verb + ている describing a resulting state
时态・体
N4
〜ていた（過去の進行・状態）
was doing; used to be in a state; had already happened (by that time)
经验・习惯
N4
〜ことがある（辞書形：ときどき起こること）
sometimes do; there are times when ...
N4
〜ことにしている
make it a rule to; have decided to and keep doing
句子结构
N4
連体修飾節（普通形＋名詞）
noun-modifying clauses: a whole clause placed before a noun
N4
〜のは〜だ（強調構文）
cleft sentence: 'it is X that ...', spotlighting one element
N4
〜は〜が〜（主題と主語の文）
topic + subject sentences: as for A, its B is ...
文体
N4
普通形と丁寧形（だ体・です体）の使い分け
choosing between plain style and polite style
比况・样态
N4
名詞＋のような／のように（例示・比喩）
like ...; such as ... (examples and similes with nouns)
N4
〜らしい（典型・接尾辞）
typical of; worthy of the name (having the expected qualities)
比较表现
N4
AはBほど〜ない
A is not as ... as B
判断・断定
N4
〜ではなくて／〜じゃなくて（訂正）
not A but B (correcting information)
能力・可能
N4
見える・聞こえる
be visible; be audible (perceived naturally, without effort)
引用・传达
N4
引用の「と」（〜と伝える・〜と書いてある・〜と呼ぶ）
the quotative と with verbs beyond 言う: convey, be written, be called
会话表现
N4
〜ばいいですか／どうしたらいいですか
how/what should I ...? (asking for instructions or advice)
N4
〜てすみません
sorry for doing ...; apologising for a specific act
N4
〜てくれてありがとう
thank you for doing ... (for me)
N4
〜でいいです（許容・妥協）
... will do; ... is fine (accepting something as good enough)
N4
〜はちょっと…（言いさし・婉曲な断り）
trailing off with ちょっと to decline politely
N4
〜ますように（願い事）
may it be that ...; a set phrase for wishes and prayers
敬语
N4
お＋ます形＋です（お帰りです・お待ちです）
honorific お + verb stem + です describing a superior's action or state
N4
さしあげる・くださる・いただく（物の授受の敬語）
honorific giving and receiving of things: humbly give / kindly give me / humbly receive
数量・助数词
N4
助数詞の拡張（〜台・〜匹・〜杯・〜足・〜軒）
more counters: 台 for machines, 匹 for small animals, 杯 for cupfuls, 足 for footwear, 軒 for houses
口语缩约
N4
〜て（い）る／〜て（い）た（口語縮約）
colloquial contraction of ている to てる (and ていた to てた)
推量表现
N4
〜かもしれない
may; might; perhaps
N4
〜だろう（と思う）
probably (plain form of でしょう); I think it's probably the case
N4
〜かな（あ）
I wonder...; sentence-final self-questioning particle
引用・传达
N4
〜と思います（意見・感想）
I think that... (stating opinions and judgements)
N4
〜と言いました／〜と言っていました
said that...; was saying that... (reporting speech)
N4
〜と聞きました
I heard that...
N4
〜という＋名詞
a ... called ...; named ...
N4
〜という意味
it means that...; the meaning is...
N4
〜ように言う（指示の引用）
tell someone to do; be told to do (reporting instructions)
说明语气
N4
〜んですが、（前置き）
the thing is..., (so could you...) — softening preamble
打算・预定
N4
〜つもりだ
intend to; plan to
N4
〜予定だ
be scheduled to; be planned
N4
〜ようにする
make an effort to; make it a habit to
N4
〜ようにしてください
please make sure to; please try to
N4
〜ようになっている
be set up so that; be designed to
规则・目的
N4
〜こと（規則・指示）
sentence-final こと for written rules: 'do...' / 'do not...'
N4
〜ことになっている
it is a rule/custom that...; be supposed to
N4
〜ために（目的）
in order to; for the sake of
N4
〜ため（に）（原因・理由）
because of; due to (formal reason)
N4
〜のに（使う・便利だ・かかる）
for the purpose of (use, convenience, cost/time)
愿望・感觉
N4
〜てほしい
want someone to do; hope something happens
N4
〜がする（音・におい・味・気）
there is a sound/smell/taste of; have a feeling
建议・申し出
N4
〜たらどうですか
how about doing...? (suggestion)
N4
〜はいかがですか
how about...? would you care for...? (polite offer)
郑重请求
N4
〜てくださいませんか
would you please...? (politer than 〜てください)
N4
〜てもらえませんか／〜てもらえますか
could you do... for me? (request via potential form)
N4
〜ていただけませんか
would you be so kind as to...? (high politeness)
N4
〜でしょうか（丁寧な質問）
would it be...? (softened polite question)
N4
すみませんが／失礼ですが（前置き表現）
excuse me, but...; pardon me, but... (cushion words)
授受敬语
N4
〜てくださる
a superior kindly does... for me (honorific of てくれる)
N4
〜ていただく
humbly receive the favour of someone doing... (humble of てもらう)
N4
〜てさしあげる
do... for a superior (humble of てあげる; use with care)
敬语
N4
お／ご＋名詞（美化語・尊敬）
honorific/beautifying prefixes お and ご
N4
お〜になる（尊敬語）
honorific pattern: (a superior) does...
N4
尊敬の〜（ら）れる
light honorific using the passive form
N4
特別な尊敬語動詞（いらっしゃる・召し上がる など）
special honorific verbs: いらっしゃる, 召し上がる, おっしゃる, なさる, ご覧になる
N4
お〜ください
please do... (more deferential than 〜てください)
N4
お〜する／ご〜する（謙譲語）
humble pattern: I (humbly) do... for you
N4
特別な謙譲語動詞（参る・伺う・申す など）
special humble verbs: 参る, 伺う, 申す, いたす, いただく, 拝見する
N4
〜でございます
polite copula: the formal equivalent of です
强调・数量
N4
数量詞＋も（強調）
as many/much as... (emphasising a surprisingly large amount)
N4
〜など／〜なんか
and so on; things like (also belittling/humble 'the likes of')
N4
〜でも(例示）
... or something (softening suggestion by example)
N4
〜とか〜とか
things like A and B (casual listing)
変化・決定
N3
〜ようになる
come to; get to the point where; start doing (as a new habit or ability)
N3
〜ことにする／〜ことになる
decide to do (my own decision) / it has been decided that (external decision)
準備・状態
N3
〜ておく／〜てある
do in advance / leave something done; something has been done (and remains that way)
状態の継続
N3
〜たまま／〜っぱなし
leaving it as it is / leaving something undone or running (often with criticism)
時間・期間
N3
〜うちに／〜間に
while (taking advantage of a state) / during the time that
限定・強調
N3
〜ばかり（三种用法）
nothing but; only / have just done / all that's left is to
時点
N3
〜ところだ（〜する／〜している／〜した）
about to do / in the middle of doing / have just done
推量・伝聞
N3
〜そうだ（様態 vs 伝聞）
looks like; seems (appearance) / I hear that (hearsay)
推量・比況
N3
〜ようだ／〜みたいだ
it seems (based on my own perception); like; as if
推量・伝聞
N3
〜らしい
apparently; I gather (based on outside information); typical of
確信・当然
N3
〜はずだ／〜はずがない
ought to be; should be / there's no way that
N3
〜わけだ／〜わけがない
that's why; that means; no wonder / there's no way that
比例・程度
N3
〜ば〜ほど
the more … the more …
第三者の感情
N3
〜がる／〜たがる
show signs of feeling; (a third person) wants to
完了・限界
N3
〜きる／〜きれない
do completely; finish doing / cannot finish; cannot fully do
傾向
N3
〜がち／〜気味
tend to; be prone to / a touch of; feeling slightly
確信
N3
〜に違いない
must be; I'm certain that
対比・強調
N3
〜どころか
far from; let alone; not only not … but on the contrary
原因・理由
N3
〜によって／〜による
due to; by means of; depending on; by (an agent)
N3
〜せいか
perhaps because (usually of an unwelcome result)
N3
〜ことから
from the fact that; because (as grounds for a judgement or a name)
N3
〜ものだから
because (excusing or explaining oneself)
N3
〜ばかりに
simply because (leading to a bad result, with regret)
N3
〜からこそ
precisely because
目的
N3
〜ように（目的）
so that (a non-volitional state comes about)
逆接・譲歩
N3
〜のに（逆接）
even though; despite (with surprise or dissatisfaction)
N3
〜ても構わない
it's fine even if; I don't mind if
N3
〜くせに
even though; despite (with blame or contempt)
N3
たとえ〜ても
even if; no matter how
N3
〜としても
even if we suppose; even granting that
N3
〜からといって
just because … doesn't mean …
N3
〜ながら（逆接）
although; while (contrastive)
N3
〜わりに（は）
considering; for; unexpectedly given
条件・仮定
N3
〜なら
if it's the case that; if you're talking about
N3
〜場合（は）
in the case of; in the event that
N3
〜さえ〜ば
if only; as long as
N3
〜ない限り
unless; as long as … not …
N3
〜としたら／〜とすれば
supposing that; if we assume
時間関係
N3
〜たとたん（に）
the moment; just as (something unexpected happened)
N3
〜（よ）うとしたら
just as I was about to (something else happened)
N3
〜て以来
ever since (a state has continued)
N3
〜てはじめて
only after; not until (did I realise or do)
N3
〜たび（に）
every time; whenever
N3
〜途中で／〜途中に
on the way; partway through
N3
〜ところに／〜ところへ
just when (someone or something turned up)
N3
〜中（じゅう）／〜中（ちゅう）
throughout; all through / in the middle of; during
N3
〜ごとに／〜おきに
every …; at intervals of …
変化・比例
N3
〜につれて
as … (something else gradually changes)
N3
〜とともに
together with; along with; as
並立・列挙
N3
〜も〜ば〜も
both … and …; not only … but also
N3
〜ばかりでなく
not only … but also
N3
〜だけで（は）なく〜も
not just … , … too
N3
〜はもちろん
not to mention; … goes without saying, and … as well
N3
〜上に
on top of; in addition to
対象・立場
N3
〜にとって
for; from the standpoint of
N3
〜として
as; in the capacity of
N3
〜向き／〜向け
suited to / aimed at; made for
N3
〜に比べて
compared with
引用・伝聞
N3
〜って（引用・話題）
(colloquial) they say; quoting; speaking of
N3
〜によると／〜によれば
according to (a source of information)
対比・代替
N3
〜かわりに
instead of; in exchange for
N3
〜一方（で）
while on the one hand; whereas
基準・様態
N3
〜とおり（に）
just as; in accordance with
取り立て・強調
N3
〜さえ
even (an extreme example)
N3
〜こそ
precisely; the very (emphatic)
程度
N3
〜ほど（程度）
so … that; to the extent of; nothing as … as
N3
〜くらい（程度）
to the point of; at least; something as small as
付帯状況
N3
〜ずに
without doing (literary)
変化・移動
N3
〜ていく／〜てくる
go on doing; change from now on / have been doing; a change has set in up to now
N3
〜一方だ
keep on -ing; continue to change in one direction (often for the worse)
複合動詞
N3
〜出す
suddenly start doing; burst out doing
N3
〜かける／〜かけの
half-done; leave unfinished; be about to do
N3
〜直す
do over; redo
N3
〜合う
do to each other; do together
N3
〜始める／〜続ける／〜終わる
start doing / keep doing / finish doing (phases of an action)
難易・性質
N3
〜やすい／〜にくい
easy to; apt to / hard to; resistant to
様子・状態
N3
〜っぽい
-ish; looking like; prone to
N3
〜げ
looking; seeming; with an air of
N3
〜だらけ
covered with; full of (undesirable things)
N3
〜ふりをする
pretend to; act as if
寸前・未遂
N3
〜そうになる
almost do; come close to doing (involuntarily)
N3
〜ところだった
almost did; came close to (but didn't)
N3
〜（よ）うとする
be about to do; try to do (often without success)
名詞化・接尾辞
N3
〜こと／〜の（名詞化）
the act of doing; nominalizers こと and の and how they differ
N3
〜かどうか
whether or not
N3
〜さ／〜み
-ness; degree of / a sense of (adjective nominalizers)
N3
〜め
-ish; on the … side (slight degree suffix)
N3
〜的
-ic; -al; in terms of (suffix forming na-adjectives)
N3
〜ぶり
for the first time in (a period) / the manner or way of doing
定義・言い換え
N3
〜ということだ
I hear that; it is said that / in other words; that means
N3
〜というのは〜ことだ
X means…; what we call X is… (defining a term)
説明・理由
N3
〜もの／〜んだもの
because… (childlike or coquettish excuse, sentence-final)
推量・可能性
N3
〜のではないか／〜んじゃないか
isn't it the case that…; I suspect that… (hedged opinion)
N3
〜そうもない／〜そうにない
show no sign of; look unlikely to
N3
〜に決まっている
definitely; bound to be (strong subjective conviction)
N3
〜とは限らない
not necessarily; not always the case that
N3
〜はずだった
was supposed to; should have (but didn't happen)
譲歩・保留
N3
〜ことは〜が
it's true that…, but… (concede, then qualify)
義務・忠告
N3
〜たほうがいい／〜ないほうがいい
had better do / had better not do (advice)
N3
〜べきだ／〜べきではない
should; ought to / should not (moral duty or strong advice)
N3
〜ことだ
the thing to do is…; you'd best… (advice to a specific person)
N3
〜ことはない
there's no need to; no reason to
当然・回想
N3
〜ものだ
that's the way it is; one naturally does / how…! (general truth or deep feeling)
N3
〜たものだ
used to do (nostalgic recollection)
可能・不可能
N3
〜ないことはない
it's not that … not; not impossible (reserved affirmation)
N3
〜ようがない
there is no way to; cannot possibly (no means available)
N3
〜わけにはいかない
can't very well do (for social/moral reasons); ないわけにはいかない = have no choice but to
願望・後悔
N3
〜といい／〜ばいい
I hope…; it would be nice if / all you have to do is
N3
〜ばよかった
should have done; wish I had done (regret)
感情の強調
N3
〜てたまらない
unbearably; so … that one can't stand it
N3
〜てならない
can't help feeling; overwhelmingly (spontaneous emotion)
N3
〜てしかたがない／〜てしょうがない
extremely; so … that there's nothing to be done about it
軽視・強調
N3
〜なんて（驚き・軽視）
to think that…! (surprise) / something like… (dismissive or humble)
N3
〜だって（口語）
even; too (colloquial) / (sentence-initial) but; because
口語・縮約
N3
〜っけ
what was it again? (recalling forgotten information)
N3
〜ちゃう／〜とく（口語縮約）
colloquial contractions: てしまう→ちゃう, ておく→とく
N3
〜ちゃ／〜じゃ(〜ては縮約)
colloquial contractions ては→ちゃ and では→じゃ (as in ちゃだめ, ちゃいけない)
N3
〜なきゃ／〜なくちゃ
gotta; have to (colloquial contractions of obligation)
命令・指示
N3
命令形・禁止形（〜ろ／〜な）
imperative: do it! / prohibitive: don't!
N3
〜なさい
do… (soft top-down command; also test instructions)
依頼・許可
N3
〜させてください
please let me do (asking permission to act)
N3
〜させてもらう／〜させていただく
be allowed to do; (humbly) take the liberty of doing
態（使役受身）
N3
使役受身形（〜させられる）
be made to do (against one's will)
因果・理由
N2
〜おかげで／〜せいで
thanks to (good result) / because of (bad result)
対象・対比
N2
〜に対して
toward, with regard to; in contrast to
主題・範囲
N2
〜について／〜に関して
about, concerning, regarding
変化・並行
N2
〜に伴って
along with, accompanying, as ... progresses
対応・基準
N2
〜に応じて
in accordance with, depending on, in response to
契機・転機
N2
〜をきっかけに／〜を契機に
triggered by, taking ... as an opportunity
手順・条件
N2
〜上で
after doing ...; in the process of / for the purpose of
時間・依存
N2
〜次第／〜次第だ
as soon as ...; depends on ...
決意・当然
N2
〜からには
now that, since (one has done ...), then naturally
対比・逆接
N2
〜反面
on the other hand, while (also being)
否定・様態
N2
〜ことなく
without doing, never once doing
部分否定
N2
〜わけではない
it is not that ..., not necessarily
限定・評価
N2
〜に過ぎない
is no more than, is merely
義務・必然
N2
〜ざるを得ない
cannot help but, be forced to
強い否定
N2
〜どころではない
this is no time for, far from being able to
条件・前提
N2
〜てからでないと
unless you first do ..., you cannot ...
時間・場面
N2
〜たびに
every time, whenever
N2
〜最中に
right in the middle of
N2
〜と同時に
at the same time as; as well as being
N2
〜か〜ないかのうちに
hardly ... when, no sooner ... than
N2
〜かと思うと／〜かと思ったら
no sooner had ... than; one minute ..., the next ...
N2
〜たところ
when (I) did ..., upon doing ... (it turned out that)
N2
〜たきり（…ない）
(not) ever since doing ...
N2
〜にあたって
on the occasion of, at the (important) juncture of
N2
〜につけ（て）
whenever ..., every time (a feeling arises)
原因・理由
N2
〜あまり（に）
so ... that, out of an excess of
N2
〜あげく（に）
after much ..., in the end (something bad)
N2
〜末（に）
after (a long process), finally
N2
〜ことだから
since it is (that person), knowing them
N2
〜ことだし
since, seeing that (one reason among others)
N2
〜につき
due to (in notices); per
N2
〜だけあって／〜だけに
as one would expect from; precisely because
N2
〜以上（は）／〜上は
now that, since (one has), then necessarily
逆接・譲歩
N2
〜ものの
although, but (things did not follow)
N2
〜といっても
although one says ..., (it is not as much as it sounds)
N2
〜にしては
for (a) ..., considering it is ...
N2
〜つつ（も）
while doing; even while (knowing)
N2
〜にもかかわらず
despite, in spite of
N2
〜にしろ／〜にせよ
even if, no matter (which)
条件・仮定
N2
〜ものなら
if only one could
N2
〜ないことには
unless ..., not ...
N2
〜て初めて
only after ..., not until ...
N2
〜てこそ
only by doing ... (does something hold true)
N2
〜を抜きにして（は）／〜抜きで
leaving aside; without (which not)
程度・選択
N2
〜くらいなら
rather than (do something that bad)
N2
〜てまで
going so far as to, even at the cost of
並立・添加
N2
〜上（に）
in addition to, on top of
N2
〜のみならず
not only ... (but also) (formal)
N2
〜やら〜やら
what with ... and ..., ... and ... and whatnot
N2
〜にしても〜にしても／〜にしろ〜にしろ
whether ... or ..., either way
対比
N2
〜に反して
contrary to, against
N2
〜というより
rather than ..., more like ...
評価・感想
N2
〜ことに（は）
to my (surprise, regret, etc.)
可能性・推量
N2
〜かねない
might well (do something bad), is liable to
N2
〜かねる
cannot (bring oneself to), find it difficult to
N2
〜得る／〜得ない
can possibly / cannot possibly
N2
〜のではないだろうか
isn't it perhaps the case that ..., I would suggest that
N2
〜に相違ない
must certainly be, without doubt (formal)
N2
〜まい
probably not; will never (negative volition)
義務・必然
N2
〜ねばならない
must, have to (formal written)
N2
〜ないわけにはいかない
cannot get away with not doing, have no choice but to
N2
〜よりほかない／〜ほかない
have no choice but to, there is nothing for it but to
N2
〜て済む／〜ずに済む
get by with ...; get off without doing
N2
〜ても差し支えない
there is no objection to doing, may (formal permission)
N2
〜までもない
there is no need to go so far as to
意志・勧誘
N2
〜（よ）うとしない
will not even try to, refuses to
N2
〜てみせる
will do ... just watch me; demonstrate by doing
N2
〜てはいられない
cannot afford to keep doing, this is no time to be doing
N2
〜ものか
as if I would ever ..., absolutely not
N2
〜（よ）うではないか
let us ... (formal exhortation)
感情・評価
N2
〜でならない
cannot help feeling (formal, with na-adjectives)
N2
〜ことか
how ...! (exclamation)
N2
〜ものがある
there is something ... about it, truly has a quality of
N2
〜というものだ
that is what ... really is; that is simply ...
N2
〜というものではない
it is not the case that ..., not necessarily so
N2
〜にほかならない
is nothing other than, is precisely
N2
〜て当然だ
it is only natural that
N2
〜のも無理はない
no wonder that, it is quite understandable that
N2
〜だけのことはある
lives up to, is worthy of, not for nothing
N2
〜がい（がある）
worth doing, rewarding to do
N2
〜に越したことはない
nothing beats ..., it is best to
N2
〜も同然だ
as good as, practically the same as
N2
〜に限る
nothing beats ..., the best thing is to
程度・比況
N2
〜ほど〜はない／〜くらい〜はない
there is nothing so ... as, nothing beats
N2
〜かのようだ
as if, as though (contrary to fact)
状態・傾向
N2
〜まみれ
smeared all over with, covered in
N2
〜放題
as much as one likes; left to run wild
完了・困難
N2
〜抜く
carry through to the very end (despite hardship); thoroughly
N2
〜っこない
there is no way that (very casual)
N2
〜がたい
hard to (psychologically all but impossible)
N2
〜づらい
hard to do (because it is uncomfortable or painful)
基準・根拠
N2
〜に基づいて／〜に基づく
based on, on the basis of
N2
〜をもとに（して）
based on, drawing on ... as material
N2
〜に沿って
along; in line with, following
N2
〜に従って／〜に従い
in accordance with; as ... progresses
N2
〜のもとで／〜のもとに
under (guidance, conditions, the name of)
N2
〜を通じて／〜を通して
through, via; throughout (a period)
N2
〜を中心に（して）／〜を中心として
centering on, mainly around
N2
〜に応えて
in response to (expectations, requests)
N2
〜のことだから
knowing ..., given what ... is like
N2
〜を境に（して）
marking the turning point of, from ... on
話題・観点
N2
〜において／〜における
in, at, in the field of (formal)
N2
〜にわたって／〜にわたる
over, spanning, extending across
N2
〜をめぐって／〜をめぐる
over, concerning (a dispute or debate)
N2
〜にかけては
when it comes to (someone excels)
N2
〜というと／〜といえば
speaking of, when you mention ...
N2
〜からいうと／〜からいえば／〜からいって
from the standpoint of, judging from
N2
〜からみると／〜からみれば／〜からみて
in the eyes of, judging by
N2
〜からすると／〜からすれば
from the perspective of; going by
N2
〜からして
even judging by ... alone; starting with
N2
〜にしたら／〜にすれば／〜にしてみれば
from ...'s point of view (empathizing)
N2
〜の上では
on paper, according to (but reality differs)
N2
〜上（じょう）／〜上の
in terms of, from the standpoint of (rules, law, health)
範囲・限定
N2
〜のみ
only, solely (formal)
N2
〜に限って／〜に限り
of all times/people; only in the case of
N2
〜に限らず
not limited to, not only
N2
〜を問わず
regardless of, irrespective of
N2
〜にかかわらず
regardless of, whether or not
N2
〜から〜にかけて
from ... through ..., over the stretch from ... to ...
N2
〜を除いて／〜を除き
except for, excluding
N2
〜はともかく（として）
setting aside, leaving ... aside for now
N2
〜もかまわず
heedless of, without minding
付加・例示
N2
〜に加えて／〜に加え
in addition to, on top of
N2
〜をはじめ（として）
starting with, led by (and others)
立場・資格
N2
〜にかわって／〜にかわり
in place of, replacing
時・場面
N2
〜に際して／〜に際し
on the occasion of, at the time of
N2
〜に先立って／〜に先立ち
prior to, in advance of
様態・心情
N2
〜を込めて
with (a feeling) put into it
時点・手段
N1
〜をもって
as of (a date); by means of
到達・帰結
N1
〜に至る／〜に至って
reach the point of; only when it came to ...
根拠・前提
N1
〜を踏まえ
on the basis of, taking ... into account
根拠・判断
N1
〜に鑑みて
in view of, in light of
逆接
N1
〜ながらも
although, even while, and yet
目的・禁止
N1
〜べく／〜べからず
in order to; must not, shall not
感情・自発
N1
〜ずにはいられない
cannot help doing, cannot keep oneself from
傾向・評価
N1
〜きらいがある
tends to (undesirably), has a bent for
逆接条件
N1
〜であれ／〜であろうと
no matter what/who, whether it be
強調・全否定
N1
〜たりとも
not even a single ...
原因・理由
N1
〜ゆえに
owing to, because of, therefore
累加・強調
N1
〜もさることながら
not only ... but even more so ...
対比
N1
〜にひきかえ
in stark contrast to, unlike
非難・禁止
N1
〜まじき
unbecoming, unforgivable (in someone of that position)
時間・即時
N1
〜や否や
the moment ..., no sooner ... than
N1
〜が早いか
as soon as, the instant that
N1
〜なり
as soon as, upon doing (something unexpected followed)
N1
〜そばから
no sooner does one ... than (it is undone again)
N1
〜とみるや
on seeing/judging that ..., immediately
時間・起点
N1
〜てからというもの
ever since (a major lasting change)
N1
〜てこのかた
ever since (over a long span)
N1
〜を皮切りに
starting with, kicking off with
時間・直前
N1
〜矢先に
just as one was about to ..., (something upset it)
時候・理由
N1
〜折から
at this season of ...; as luck would have it, amid
原因・理由
N1
〜ばこそ
precisely because
N1
〜とあって
given the special circumstance that ...
N1
〜手前
for the sake of appearances before ...
N1
〜あっての
possible only thanks to, owing its existence to
N1
〜ではあるまいし
it is not as if ..., so ...
N1
〜こととて
seeing that ..., (please excuse)
逆接・譲歩
N1
〜といえども
even, though it be
N1
〜とはいえ
that said, although admittedly
N1
〜とはいうものの
though one may say so, in fact
N1
〜たところで
even if one were to ..., it would be no use
N1
〜ものを
and yet, when one could/should have ...
N1
〜と思いきや
just when one thought ..., contrary to expectation
N1
〜にしたところで／〜としたところで
even for ..., even from the standpoint of ...
譲歩・無関係
N1
〜（よ）うが／〜（よ）うと
no matter how/what, whatever may happen
N1
〜ずとも
even without doing (classical)
逆接・強調
N1
〜こそすれ／〜こそあれ
may well ..., but never ...; granted ..., yet
状況・逆接
N1
〜ところを
at a time when ...; caught in the act of ...
対比
N1
〜ならまだしも
if it were ..., one could let it pass, but ...
非難・意外
N1
〜こともあろうに
of all things/times/people, ...
N1
〜に事欠いて
with no shortage of ..., one had to pick that
条件・仮定
N1
〜（よ）うものなら
if one should so much as ..., (dire consequence)
N1
〜たら最後／〜たが最後
once ... happens, there is no turning back
N1
〜とあれば
if it is (for) ..., then (one is ready to)
N1
〜ないまでも
even if not to the point of ..., at least
N1
〜たら〜たで／〜ば〜で
if it happens, then new troubles come with it; either way
N1
〜ようでは
if things are such that ..., (the outlook is poor)
N1
〜ようによっては
depending on how one ..., it can also be ...
N1
〜ばきりがない／〜たらきりがない
once one starts ..., there is no end to it
N1
〜た暁には
when the day comes that ..., once ... is achieved
否定・条件
N1
〜なしに（は）／〜なくして（は）
without ..., (impossible); in the absence of
N1
〜ずして
without doing (classical)
目的
N1
〜んがため（に）
for the sake of, in one's determination to (classical)
様態
N1
〜んばかり（に）
as if on the verge of, all but
N1
〜とばかり（に）
as if to say ..., with an air of ...
N1
〜ながらに（して）
while remaining in the state of; even as
N1
〜ともなく／〜ともなしに
without really meaning to; vaguely, absently
N1
〜ごとく／〜ごとき
like, as (classical); such as
N1
〜（が）ままに
as one is led/bidden; following (one's fancy)
N1
〜つ〜つ
now ..., now ... (alternating)
N1
〜かれ〜かれ
whether ... or ... (classical paired imperatives)
傾向・様態
N1
〜ともすれば／〜ともすると
apt to, liable to (drift into an undesirable state)
感情の強調
N1
〜てやまない
to do unceasingly; from the bottom of one's heart
N1
〜に堪えない（感情）
overwhelmed with (gratitude, regret, etc.)
N1
〜を禁じ得ない
cannot suppress (one's tears, anger, surprise)
N1
〜限りだ
utterly ...; could not be more ...
N1
〜の至り
the height of (honour, embarrassment); sheer ...
N1
〜の極み
the height/epitome of ...
N1
〜といったらない／〜といったらありはしない
indescribably ...; unbearably ...
N1
〜に忍びない
cannot bear to (watch, discard, tell)
断定・評価
N1
〜極まる／〜極まりない
extremely ...; the utmost in ...
N1
〜に堪える／〜に堪えない（価値）
worth doing; not fit to be seen/heard/read
N1
〜に値する
to merit, to be worthy of
N1
〜に恥じない
worthy of, living up to (a name, tradition)
N1
〜というところだ／〜といったところだ
roughly ...; at most about ...
N1
〜には当たらない
no cause for ...; does not warrant ...
N1
〜までだ／〜までのことだ
will simply do ...; merely did ...
N1
〜ばそれまでだ
if ... then it is all over
N1
〜でなくてなんだろう
if this is not ..., what is it?
N1
〜以外の何ものでもない
nothing other than ...; pure and simple
N1
〜と言っても過言ではない
it is no exaggeration to say ...
N1
〜にもほどがある
there is a limit to ...; that is far too ...
N1
〜この上ない
supremely ...; nothing could be more ...
N1
〜だけましだ
at least ...; one should be thankful that ...
N1
〜てしかるべきだ
ought properly to be ...; deserves to be ...
N1
〜には及ばない
no need to ...; cannot compare with ...
否定の強調
N1
〜べくもない
utterly impossible to ...; beyond any hope of ...
N1
〜（よ）うにも〜ない
even if one tries to ..., one cannot
N1
〜に〜ない
cannot bring oneself to ...; too ... to ...
N1
〜ずじまい
ended up never doing ...
N1
〜ずにはおかない／〜ないではおかない
inevitably makes one ...; will not rest until ...
N1
〜ずにはすまない／〜ないではすまない
cannot get away without doing ...
N1
〜たものではない
not fit to be ...; impossibly bad to ...
N1
〜ないとも限らない
one cannot rule out that ...; might well ...
N1
〜ないものでもない／〜ないでもない
not that one wouldn't ...; could conceivably ...
N1
〜に難くない
not hard to (imagine, appreciate)
N1
〜ても始まらない
it is no use doing ...
N1
〜てはかなわない
cannot stand it if ...; unbearable when ...
意志・決意
N1
〜ないものか／〜ないものだろうか
is there no way to ...; if only ... could happen
N1
〜（よ）うと〜まいと／〜（よ）うが〜まいが
whether one does ... or not, (it makes no difference)
N1
〜（よ）うか〜まいか
whether to ... or not (agonising over)
N1
〜てはばからない
does not hesitate to (declare, assert)
N1
〜てのける
to pull off ...; to carry off boldly
N1
〜んとする
on the point of ...; about to (literary)
当然・成り行き
N1
〜のが落ちだ／〜が関の山だ
will only end up ...; ... is the best one can hope for
N1
〜始末だ
ended up (deplorably) doing ...
N1
〜羽目になる
to wind up (unpleasantly) having to ...
N1
〜を余儀なくされる／〜を余儀なくさせる
to be forced into ...; to compel
N1
〜べくして
was bound to ... (and duly did)
伝聞・推定
N1
〜とか（伝聞）
I hear that ...; they say ... (vaguely)
N1
〜と見える／〜と見えて
it appears that ...; evidently ...
N1
〜ものと思われる
it is presumed/believed that ...
N1
〜ではあるまいか／〜のではあるまいか
is it not perhaps the case that ...
限定・唯一
N1
〜をおいて
no one/nothing other than, apart from
N1
〜を限りに
as of, with ... as the last time
累加・範囲
N1
〜にとどまらず
not confined to, extending beyond
N1
〜はもとより
let alone mentioning, not only ... but also
N1
〜はおろか
to say nothing of, let alone
極端・強調
N1
〜すら／〜ですら
even, so much as
N1
〜だに
not even; the mere act of
N1
〜とて
even (someone/something) is no exception
N1
〜からある／〜からする／〜からの
a good ... or more (weight, price, quantity)
N1
〜という〜（今日という今日）
this very ...; every single ...
例示・並列
N1
〜といい〜といい
whether in ... or in ..., in every respect
N1
〜といわず〜といわず
not just ... and ..., but everywhere/always
N1
〜なり〜なり
either ... or ... (for instance), whichever suits
話題・評価
N1
〜ときたら
when it comes to ... (exasperatedly)
N1
〜ともなると／〜ともなれば
once it comes to (a status or occasion), naturally ...
N1
〜はさておき
setting ... aside for now
基準・準拠
N1
〜に照らして
in the light of, checked against
N1
〜に即して
in line with (the facts on the ground)
N1
〜に則って
in accordance with (rules, tradition)
比較・相乗
N1
〜にもまして
even more than
N1
〜と相まって
combined with, in synergy with
無視・敢行
N1
〜をよそに
heedless of, indifferent to
N1
〜を尻目に
with a sidelong glance at, leaving ... behind
N1
〜をものともせず(に)
undaunted by, in defiance of
N1
〜を顧みず
without regard for (one's own safety, family)
N1
〜を押して／〜を押し切って
in spite of (illness); overriding (opposition)
口実・便乗
N1
〜にかこつけて
under the pretext of
N1
〜をいいことに
taking advantage of, presuming on
N1
〜にかまけて
preoccupied with ... (to the neglect of)
情状・考慮
N1
〜に免じて
out of consideration for, for the sake of
並行・兼帯
N1
〜かたわら
while (one's main occupation), on the side
N1
〜かたがた
partly for, combined with (formal)
N1
〜がてら
while at it, taking the opportunity to
付帯・様態
N1
〜もそこそこに
cutting ... short, barely finishing
起点・節目
N1
〜を経て
after passing through, by way of
N1
〜を控えて
with ... just ahead, on the eve of
立場・相応
N1
〜たるもの(は)
one who stands as ... (ought to)
N1
〜ともあろう者が
someone of all people, a ... no less, to do such a thing
N1
〜にあって(は)
in (special circumstances), placed in
N1
〜なりに／〜なりの
in one's own way, appropriate to one's station
N1
〜ならいざしらず／〜はいざしらず
if it were ..., perhaps; but ...
依存・左右
N1
〜いかんだ／〜いかんによって／〜いかんにかかわらず
depends on; regardless of how ... turns out
価値・評価
N1
〜に足る／〜に足りない
worthy of; not worth
時点・段階
N1
〜にして
only at; at once ... and; in (an instant)
接尾・様態
N1
〜めく
take on the air of, become tinged with
N1
〜ぶる
affect the airs of, act the part of
N1
〜じみた
smacking of, verging on
N1
〜がらみ
entangled with; around (an age)
N1
〜ぐるみ
the whole ... together, involving everyone
あ
Kana
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